Artificial Neural Networks ( Ann ) - 2161 Words

CHAPTER 5 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 5.1 Machine Learning In machine learning, systems are trained to infer patterns from observational data. A particularly simple type of pattern, a mapping between input and output, can be learnt through a process called supervised learning. A supervised-learning system is given training data consisting of example inputs and the corresponding outputs, and comes up with a model to explain those data (a process called function approximation). It does this by choosing from a class of model specified by the system’s designer. [Nature. ANN 4] 5.1.1 Machine Learning Applied to the Air Engine The rapid growth of data sets means that machine learning can now use complex model classes and tackle highly non-trivial inference problems. Such problems are usually characterized by several factors: The data are multi-dimensional; the underlying pattern is complex (for instance, it might be nonlinear or changeable); and the designer has only weak prior knowledge about the problem in particular, a mechanistic understanding is lacking. [Nature, ANN 4] 5.2 Overview of ANN Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are a branch of the field known as Artificial Intelligence (AI) which may also consists of Fuzzy logic (FL) and Genetic Algorithms (GA). ANN are based on the basic model of the human brain with capability of generalization and learning. The purpose of this simulation to the simple model of human neural cell is to acquire the intelligentShow MoreRelatedArtificial Neural Networks ( Anns )1749 Words   |  7 Pages Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computational algorithms loosely based on the human biological nervous system which work to model statistical data. An ANN â€Å"consists of processing elements known as neurons that are interconnected to each other and work in unison to answer a particular problem [, and] can be used in places where detecting trends and extracting patterns are too complex to be detected by either humans or other computer techniques.† Although recent in their explosion in popularityRead MoreArtificial Neural Networks : An Example Of Machine Learning920 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1958 Psychologist Frank Rosenblatt invented the first artificial neural network. He called it Perceptron and hoped it would model the human brain and process visual data and learn to recognize objects. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are expected to grow within the next few years. An artificial neural network is composed of interconnected artificial neurons that mimic some properti es of biological neurons. ANNs work like simulated brains. They are given software and be set up in a way that mimicsRead MoreStock Market Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks And Regression Analysis871 Words   |  4 Pages Stock Market Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks and Regression Analysis Tyler T. Procko Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University TO: Professor Michael Perez, M.A., M.F.A. FROM: Tyler T. Procko DATE: 10/03/2016 SUBJECT: Analytical Report Proposal I. Purpose / Background / Audience: Relatively accurate prediction of multi-tiered, non-linear events has long been a difficult and time-consuming task to perform; forecasting the movement ofRead MoreAnalyzing The Field Of Big Data954 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Paper: Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Authors: Khushboo Arora, Shrutika Suri , Divya Arora and Vaishali Pandey Published online: 30 April 2014 Purpose: As mentioned in the abstract, It is difficult to find patterns in massive amount of unstructured data. Thereby, this paper addresses an important technique called Artificial Neural Networks which is being used a lot these days in field of machine learning, Artificial intelligence etc. The goal of Artificial neural networks is to find patternsRead MoreOptical Character Recognition Is Becoming Popular Areas Of Research Under Pattern Recognition And Smart Device Applications1212 Words   |  5 PagesProject Title:OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Abstract: The Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is becoming popular areas of research under pattern recognition and smart device applications. It requires the intelligence like human brain to recognize the various handwritten characters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used together the information required to recognize the characters adaptively. This paper presents a performance analysis of character recognitionRead MoreAn Effective Machine Learning Model1164 Words   |  5 Pagesestimating the class and location of objects contained within the images. With the improvements in object representations and machine learning models, it is possible to achieve much advancement in Object Recognition. For the last few years, Deep Neural Network has proven to be an effective machine learning model. DNNs have a varied approach to classification problems. They consist of deep architectures which makes it possible to understand more complex models than shallow ones. With this ability andRead MoreThe Deregulation Of The Electrical Power Industry1682 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance analysis of various neural networks (NN) for short term price forecasting. Several NN models are trained and tested on the half-hourly data from Australian Energy Market and their performances have been compared. Overall findings suggest that the value of mean absolute percentage Error (MAPE) in the case of 3-Layered cascaded neural network (CNN) is better than other proposed models. Keywords— Short term price forecasting, Cascaded Neural Network, Recurrent neural network, Australian energy marketRead MoreRole Of Artificial Intelligence On Mechanical Design Systems1752 Words   |  8 PagesRole of Artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Design Systems Sagar Sarkar Student, B-Tech Mechanical and Automation Engineering Sagarsarkar043@gmail.com Introduction Artificial Intelligence is a type of Intelligence developed by machines, robots or software in order to take decisions on its own .Artificial intelligence has many goals such as reasoning ,natural language processing ,planning, Knowledge ,learning ,speech recognition, handwriting recognition etc . Basically it has the goals such asRead MoreEssay about Breast Cancer Diagnosis Methods Analysis2614 Words   |  11 Pagespatient. This paper studies various techniques used for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Different methods are explored for their merits and de-merits for the diagnosis of breast lesion. It was found that the recent use of the combination of Artificial Neural Networks in most of the instances give accurate results for the diagnosis of breast cancer and their use can also be extended to other diseases. I. INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the second leading cause of deaths in women worldwide [1-4], theRead MoreTime Series Forecasting And Neural Networks1097 Words   |  5 Pagesaccuracy of time series forecasting. In this paper, I have focused on one method i.e. Neural Networks. In the first section of the report, I will give brief introduction on time series forecasting and neural networks. In the next part, I will explain this neural method which is used for forecasting in the literature review. At last, I will conclude the paper. Moreover, the main aim of this paper is to define the neural network method among the different methods in the time series forecasting. Introduction

Should Animals Be Used in Medical Research Free Essays

Should animals be used in medical research? The use of animals in laboratory research is a very well known debate. Many people wonder if the animals are treated well and if they are taken care of properly; however, if medical and scientifical experimentation were done in only human trials the knowledge and understanding of how drugs and procedures can affect human would be decades behind. That is why the use of animals in experimentation is a necessity in order to continue advancing medicine and science. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Animals Be Used in Medical Research? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Animals have a high reproductive rate and are easy to breed. Animals have the same organs and tissues as humans do making them a good match. Animals that are used in experimentation are generally small and are easy to keep and feed. It is the best way to learn the effects of substances in a living body because animals are very easy to breed and yield a high amount of offspring. A higher number of offspring allows for a greater number of experiments or trials to be performed at a time. The greater the number of trials that can be performed will increase the data that can be collected to increase the accuracy of the trial. If a drug was tested on humans and the first two people to take the drug died, chances are the drug would be discontinued and research shut down, even if the deaths were only coincidence. By having a big sample size of animals that can test the effects to see how fatal the drug is and determine how it can be improved. Even if many experiments have expected results the effects of a drug could be wide spread. This is why using animals as a match for humans is advantageous because it allow scientists to observe the effects on living tissue under controlled circumstances in many subjects, and collect appropriate data so the margin of error can be made as small as possible. The ability to see the consequences of drugs on animals its success rate because it avoids death of many people who could be used as subject. Without using animals in research labs, our progression with medicine and medical sciences would slow down dramatically. Every day new medicines and practices are coming out that, without the help of animals, would never make it to us. They might make it to us, but only after blindly testing on random human volunteers that could possibly die just as easily from the testing as a rat would if used in the humans place To sump, I would say that many of the medications and procedures that we currently use today wouldn’t exist and the development of future treatments would be extremely limited. Animal testing is the right way to test products. Animals have the right to live their own life; and we are not allowed to mess around with them just because we can. How to cite Should Animals Be Used in Medical Research?, Essays

Family Development Theory Essay Example For Students

Family Development Theory Essay Family Development Theory (including family life cycle) (Pg. 73 – 80 in the textbook) Definitions of key terms ?Family of orientation: The family that you are born into; the family of origin. ?Family of procreation: The family they may help to found, i. e. the after marriage family. ?Developmental tasks: Adjustments that people need to make in order to cope with the changes in the family life cycle as well with changes in their own life cycle. ?Dysfunctional: The ineffective families that is unable to deal with its problems and require outside help. ?Stressor: An event that creates stress within the family. Summary Notes ?Just as a human being grows and goes through the sequence of stages, families also follow a series of developmental stages. ?The six stages of family life cycle are; 1. Between families (the young single adult). 2. The newly married couple. 3. The family with young children. 4. The family with adolescents. 5. Launching. 6. The family in later life. ?Moving from one stage to the other, family experiences a degree of stress and a period to adjust into the new stage. ?Changes in behavior by the family members occur to accommodate the change that has taken place. Unexpected changes such as divorce, an accident, a death, or the loss of a job can create great stress on family members and can cause severe alterations in their behavior. ?The ability to cope with hardships depends on the family structure and its personality. The elasticity of the family and the manner in which problems are usually solved in the family will help to determine how well the family deals with these hardships. ?Healthy and effective families are those who have strong and open communication with each other. They tend to share their burdens with the family. They are able to deal with family problems and continue to function. ?Family problem solving is the ability to deal with its problems so that the family continues to function and meet the needs of its members. ?A multicultural society, with its inclusion of many cultural groups, also give rise to differing family attitudes and behaviors that many at times lead to stress within a family. ?Stages of the developmental task are; 1. Perceiving a new, more mature way of behaving, either from the expectations of others or by observing suitable role of models. 2. Forming a revised self-concept in keeping with the more mature behavior. 3. Coping with the conflicting demands that will be involved in behavior modification. 4. Being motivated to complete the developmental task. ?A developmental task may be as something which has to be accomplished at a certain time, if its not done difficulties may arise in the future. ?Sometimes tasks of individual family members and family units are equally compatible. But there maybe occasions when life cycle and family tasks may not be compatible, and this situation could cause stress within the family unit.

Starbucks Humana and Ethics Essay Example For Students

Starbucks Humana and Ethics Essay This paper examines the ethical foundations of two companies operating in very different markets. Starbucks’ is a chain of coffeehouses specializing in gourmet coffee lines. Starbucks is based on sound ethical principals permeated through the central core of its business operations. The result of several probes leads to a conclusion that Starbucks does business in a profitable and morally sound manner. Humana Inc. is a large Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) with operations that place it third among the top players in the field. In contrast to Starbucks’, research demonstrates that Humana, and arguably all for-profit HMO’s, lacks a sound ethical foundation. The boundaries between generating a healthy return and providing quality medical care produce conflicts of interest, which for all involved lead to bad decisions and moral dilemas. The conclusions reached in this paper are the result of extensive investigation conducted through the Internet, personal interview, literature review, and legal findings. The consensus drawn from this analysis is that Starbucks is a shining example of corporate social responsibility and Humana is not. Starbucks is the United States number one specialty coffee retailer and a presence known around the world. It has over 2,600 coffee shops from Asia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Starbucks not only sells coffee but: pastries, food and drinks, mugs, and coffee making accessories. Starbucks sells their beans to restaurants, airlines, hotels, and by mail order. We will write a custom essay on Starbucks Humana and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Starbucks mission statement is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ to establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow. The following six guiding principles will help us measure the appropriateness of our decisions:† ? Provide a great work environment and treat each other with respect and dignity. ? Embrace diversity as an essential component in the way we do business. ? Apply the highest standards of excellence to the purchasing, roasting, and fresh delivery of our coffee. Develop enthusiastically satisfied customers all of the time. ? Contribute positively to our communities and our environment. ? Recognize that profitability is essential to our future success. This group believes that Starbucks is an ethical and exhibits moral responsibility by the actions they engage in to support their mission. Their many humanitarian efforts are outlined in this paper. Starbucks is active in several different humanitarian efforts. Whereas the humanitarian donations of an organization cannot be proven to create an ethical company, there does appear to be merit in these efforts. Starbucks donates its time, money, and effort to promote preserving the environment, literacy, human rights, and AIDS research. With this much humanitarian donations, Starbucks gains the appearance of an ethical and moral position in its industry. Starbucks Environmental Mission provides a framework for decision-making at Starbucks. Starbucks Environmental Mission statement states that we will fulfill this mission by a commitment to: (1) understanding of environmental issues and sharing information with our partners, (2) developing innovative and flexible solutions to bring about change, (3) striving to buy, sell and use environmentally friendly products, (4) recognizing that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environmental future, (5) instilling environmental responsibility as a corporate value and (6) measuring and monitoring our progress for each project. Starbucks composts its coffee grounds, recycles its burlap bags, and works with a consulting firm to research new recycling plans for its stores. Starbucks initiative to develop an environmentally friendly cup has not been successful. After a two-market test of the cup it has stopped trying to produce such a cup. The results of the test have not been disclosed. Starbucks is very active in the endeavor of literacy. Promoting literacy has been one of its main objectives. Starbucks has partnered with a number of celebrities to promote literacy. .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf , .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .postImageUrl , .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf , .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:hover , .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:visited , .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:active { border:0!important; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:active , .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3ca583388f0a4ecea61224b77faffbaf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who really wrote shakespeare's work EssayDuring the 1999 baseball season the â€Å"Read. Dream. Grow. Out of the Park – Into the Books† program partnered Starbucks with Mark McGwire. For each home run that McGwire hit Starbucks donated $5000. 00 to support children’s charities in the community where the game was played. Starbucks guaranteed a minimum of $250,000 for the season. Starbucks has also partnered with Doonsebury cartoonist, Gary Trudeau by selling Doonesbury products at its coffee shops. All proceeds go to local literacy programs. The first year of this partnership raised over $300,000. In addition to these more glamorous endeavors, Starbucks has also collected books, donated by its customers, for the All Books for Children book drive. The books will be distributed to local organization across America. Starbucks has partnered with CARE, an international relief organization, to promote human rights. In addition to operating coffee shops around the world Starbucks suppliers are located in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Some initiatives that it is involved in are education and literacy programs, rural community development and preservation of national parklands. Starbucks is the first US agricultural commodity company to adopt a corporate statement regarding human rights. The statement is called Starbucks Coffee Company’s Framework for a Code of Conduct. Starbucks was awarded the National Leadership Award by AIDS Action. AIDS Action is the national voice on AIDS, representing Americans affected with HIV/AIDS and 2,400 community-based organizations that serve them. Starbucks received this award for the efforts of thousands of Starbucks employees who have supported AIDS causes by fund raising and volunteerism and for marketing the Red Ribbon Sampler, a product designed to raise money for AIDS service providers. In 1997 three Starbucks employees were murdered in a Washington D. C. store. Starbucks responded by creating the Starbucks Memorial Fund. All proceeds from that store are now donated to D. C. charities that promote violence prevention and victim assistance. In June of 1999 $75,000 was given to eight organizations. Starbucks calls its employees partners. It offers stock option programs. It encourages its employees to be actively involved it the community by giving financial support and product donations to organizations where its employees donate their time. There have been a few unsatisfied customers with Starbucks, as is generally the case with any large consumer focused company. A few of the disgruntled customers established a web site, www. starbucked. com, to allow other customers to vent their frustrations. Humana is the third largest managed healthcare company in the United States. The relative size of the organization coupled with inherent conflicts of interest has led Humana, among other HMO’s, to become involved in decisions of questionable ethical substance. Humana espouses the vision, â€Å"To improve the health of our members, and provide value to our customers, partners and shareholders. † An underlying question is how well are they pursuing their vision? This group believes that Humana is an example of a company with ethical integrity problems. No discussion of one HMO could possibly be complete without looking at the industry as a whole. There is a fine line that HMO’s tread when determining what is in the patient’s best interest. Some would argue that bureaucracy in managed care programs, despite best intentions, leads to compromises in patient care. Conversely, the HMO’s would argue that stretching limited resources in a regulated manner produces the greatest good for greatest number of patients. One is left with many questions about which priorities are greatest, profit or patient care? In fact, a recent national class action suit filed on behalf of 32 million plan participants by the REPAIR legal team has challenged the five largest HMO’s with just this issue. In addition, REPAIR exposes and attacks several non-disclosed HMO practices of questionable morality: ? Gag orders, which are arrangements that HMO’s make with participating physicians that to penalize them for advising certain treatment alternatives. ? HMO determination of â€Å"medical necessity† in conflict with physician decision, driven by profit consideration. ? Limiting patient access to specialists. .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c , .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .postImageUrl , .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c , .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:hover , .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:visited , .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:active { border:0!important; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:active , .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12934ed2568927db92f2e9a047f1a91c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Does It Matter If I Vote? EssayHMO’s by nature are prone to lawsuits as decisions over coverage frequently disagree with patient / physician decisions. However, this team believes that lawsuits against Humana undermine its devious backbone. Comparison has not led us to believe that Humana is any worse than the other major HMO players are, so perhaps we should group the entire lot of HMO’s as suspect in social responsibility. Forsyth v. Humana. Although still in appeal, Humana was found guilty under ERISA of racketeering charges that in essence allowed the company to receive kickbacks from hospitals in excess of patient costs. Price v. Humana. A RICO (Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) claim that Humana influenced decisions concerning â€Å"medical necessity,† by providing incentives to physicians to deny coverage. Chipps v. Humana. Humana accused of discontinuing coverage for family’s four-year old daughter, Caitlyn, whom was receiving extensive therapy treatment for cerebral palsy. Humana was found guilty on several counts for withholding information related to the case. Texas Attorney General. Sued Humana and five other HMO’s for allegedly â€Å"penalizing doctors who do not limit patients medical care and illegally compensating those who did. † As further indication of Humana’s lack of interest in patient’s needs, the company decided to divest non-profitable Medicare operations, due to â€Å"government reimbursement inadequacies for the Medicare+Choice HMO product. † While one would struggle to argue that any for profit entity would survive not covering its costs, dropping patients in lieu of profits may lack ethical standing. While denying coverage to patients, like Caitlyn, and engaging in price reduction schemes that are not only unethical, but quite possibly illegal, Humana finds no problem paying its Chairman of the Board $4. 5 million and its President and CEO, $3 Million. The charitable wing of the Humana organization was founded to â€Å"support charitable organizations and institutions that promote education, health and human services, community development and the arts. † While the group believes that these endeavors are indeed noble, Humana can not make up for a poor ethical foundation by throwing money at the problem.

Purism essays

Purism essays In his essay, Purism and LEsprit Nouveau, David Batchelor characterizes the Purist movement as a serious, thoughtful and ambitious project. Purism was Modern Art movement that was founded in France during the 1920s. It was a movement that was spearheaded by artists Charles-Édouard Jeanneret and Amde Ozenfant in their publication entitled LEspirit Nouveau. In general, the Purists considered logic, order, and control to be some of the most valuable qualities to exist in works of art. The emphasis in Purism was most heavily placed in rationality, clarity of conception, and precision of execution. The Purists were critical, on the other hand, of the capricious qualities of art, and emphasized that art should not merely aim to please the senses. Which basically meant that any excess of decoration was considered to compromise the purity of the artwork. Due to the mostly schematic qualities of Purist artwork, according to Batchelor, it was often compared to the Cubist movement. While Jeanneret and Ozenfant considered Purism to have, in fact, evolved from Cubism, they also believed it had transcended beyond the principles of Cubism into something more ambitious. Their belief was based on the idea that Cubist collages and paintings were often somewhat ambiguous, and were unified by connecting and overlapping shapes. This resulted in a sometimes diagram-like organization. While the Purists maintained a schematic quality similar to the Cubists, in contrast they kept the objects on the canvas separated and placed in a delegated space as opposed to connected and overlapping. This focus on process aligns Purism with the larger concepts of modernism. The purists also saw the industrialization of the modernist movement as a positive sign of uniformity and mass productive design, which required any inessential ornamentation to be eliminated from the design, therefo...

History and Timeline of the Battery

History and Timeline of the Battery A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In a one cell battery, you would find a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. Timeline of Battery History 1748- Benjamin Franklin first coined the term battery to describe an array of charged glass plates.1780 to 1786- Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses and provided the cornerstone of research for later inventors like Volta to create batteries.1800 Voltaic Pile- Alessandro Volta invented the Voltaic Pile and discovered the first practical method of generating electricity. Constructed of alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, the Voltaic Pile produced electrical current. The metallic conducting arc was used to carry the electricity over a greater distance. Alessandro Voltas voltaic pile was the first wet cell battery that produced a reliable, steady current of electricity.1836 Daniell Cell- The Voltaic Pile could not deliver an electrical current for a long period of time. Englishman, John F. Daniell invented the Daniell Cell that used two electrolytes: copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. The Daniel Cell lasted longer than the Volta cell or pile. This battery, which produced about 1.1 volts, was used to power objects such as telegraphs, telephones, and doorbells, remained popular in homes for over 100 years. 1839 Fuel Cell- William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical by combining hydrogen and oxygen.1839 to 1842- Inventors created improvements to batteries that used liquid electrodes to produce electricity. Bunsen (1842) and Grove (1839) invented the most successful.1859 Rechargeable- French inventor, Gaston Plante developed the first practical storage lead-acid battery that could be recharged (secondary battery). This type of battery is primarily used in cars today.1866 Leclanche Carbon-Zinc Cell- French engineer, Georges Leclanche patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanche cell. According to The History of Batteries: George Leclanches original cell was assembled in a porous pot. The positive electrode consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little carbon mixed in. The negative pole was a zinc rod. The cathode was packed into the pot, and a carbon rod was inserted to act as a current collector. The anode or zinc rod and the pot were then immersed in an ammonium chloride solution. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. Georges Leclanche then further improved his design by substituting the ammonium chloride paste for liquid electrolyte and invented a method of sealing the battery, inventing the first dry cell, an improved design that was now transportable. 1881- J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative electrode and porous pot placed in a zinc cup.1881- Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell battery (zinc-carbon cell).1899- Waldmar Jungner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery.1901 Alkaline Storage- Thomas Alva Edison invented the alkaline storage battery. Thomas Edisons alkaline cell had iron as the anode material (-) and nickelic oxide as the cathode material ().1949 Alkaline-Manganese Battery- Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949. The inventor was working for the Eveready Battery Co. at their research laboratory in Parma, Ohio. Alkaline batteries last five to eight times as long as zinc-carbon cells, their predecessors.1954 Solar Cells- Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. A solar battery converts the suns energy into electricity. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first s olar battery. The inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size of a razor blade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them into ​​electrical current. Bell Laboratories in New York announced the prototype manufacture of a new solar battery. Bell had funded the research. The first public service trial of the Bell Solar Battery began with a telephone carrier system (Americus, Georgia) on October 4, 1955. 1964- Duracell was incorporated.

The oil sands of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The oil sands of Canada - Essay Example In the first part of the video, the narrator establishes the fact on the demand of oil resources for energy consumption all over the globe. From heating the home to the common city lifestyle, energy generated from the oil is arguably empirical for the contemporary world. But with higher demands and lesser oil reserves, the narrator observes, there is a need to find new ways on obtaining oil resources; and oil sand is this new way of generating oil material. In the 60 Minutes film with the title â€Å"The Alberta Oil Sands,† on the other hand, its main thesis is the growing popularity of Canada as the next country that produces oil resources to the world particularly to the United States. Moreover, the film narrator remarks that the oil companies in Athabasca provide high amount of salary to their workers in order to lure them to work for a long period of time amidst the distance and unfriendly climate condition marked in such region in Canada. And finally, in the â€Å"Dirty Oil† video documentary, the film subtly criticizes the oil sands acquired, processed, and consumed by oil companies for the reason that this oil type greatly harms the human habitat and the environment. In watching these films, the most surprising part to me was the fact that sands can be a substitute for oil. Well yes, not all sands, nevertheless, the truth remains that tar sands -- an uncommon type of sand -- can be converted into energy. There is a need, of course, to process this particular sand type through modern technologies prior to its oil conversion. I must admit that technology or its invention is no longer surprising to me. With vast array of gadgets and technological items visible in the modern world, I seem to find technology per se as something quite common. Perhaps the reason why I am surprise to know about oil in sand is because the term â€Å"oil† is widely defined in terms of liquid form. Meaning to say, the oil resource is acquired in its liquid form and is not processed extensively using sophisticated technological equipments and techniques. In the long span of my life, it has been inculcated in my brain that oil is not solid but liquid. And seeing or knowing oil in sand is very mind twisting to me. Of the three films that I agree the most -- with respect to thesis or main idea -- is the Dirty Oil video documentary. In this film, the argument is substantially taken from the environmental perspective. It is true that America and the rest of the world are addicted to oil. Nonetheless, as the documentary argues, there are consequences to the choice of utilizing oil as an energy-generating medium. The tar sands, for example, are taken into the factory for processing and conversion to usable oil. The dilemma created in this sort of process method is an environmental one: gas emission that pollutes the air. Conversely, the Dirty Oil film gives a recommendation on how to produce or create energy without necessarily destroying the nat ural ecology and environment: via wind energy among other environmental friendly energy technology. On the other hand, the AOSP and 60 Minutes films are largely framed in the organizational, economic, and political spheres. In AOSP, the narrator merely states the companies that comprise the oil project prominent in Canada. One of the rationales for pursuing this project is to provide the world with oil reserves amidst its demand for energy. Admittedly, I do not agree to this line of argument. For one, energy can be generated or created without

Are there any Medicaid policies towards illegal and legal immigrants Essay

Are there any Medicaid policies towards illegal and legal immigrants - Essay Example borders to work and to receive publicly-funded services, often with the aid of fraudulent documents. Such entry is a misdemeanor and, if repeated, becomes punishable as a felony. Over eight million illegal immigrants live in the United States -- some estimate even more.† (American Patrol, 21 September 2008.) Research has found that ill legal immigration affects the citizens of that particular country, especially the poor people and the legal immigrants. It is also found that the taxes paid by these illegal immigrants are far less than the services received by them. Countries like United States of America are trying their level best to counter this by increased border patrol but this is not only reason for illegal immigration, most of the cases occur because of people who overstay even after their visa is expired. United States of America provides Medicaid facilities to the legal and illegal immigrants but this results in a very big loss for the economy of the country because the people take undue advantage of the same by overstaying in the hospitals even after recovery. The Medicaid policies depend on state to state but there are some states in America which provide the young children and elders requiring medical attention with great facilities like free drugs, free nursing and proper m edical attention. Off late the federal law has brought in many restrictions to keep a check on the illegal immigrants, this also ensures a strict check on the money spent on the public welfare. Some of the services provided by Medicaid to the people are Vaccine for the children, rural health care services, transportation services and these are just a handful of many services provided by the Medicaid in America. The funding of these services provided by the states comes from a partnership between the federal and the state government and this was established in the year 1965, this comes under the social security act. â€Å"States with lower per capita

Hemingways Writing Style Essay Example for Free

Hemingways Writing Style Essay From almost the beginning of his writing career, Hemingways distinctive style occasioned a great deal of comment and controversy. Basically, his style is simple, direct, and unadorned, probably as a result of his early newspaper training. He avoids the adjective whenever possible, but because he is a master at transmitting emotion without the flowery prose of his Victorian novelist predecessors, the effect is far more telling. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway, from Contexts of Criticism by Harry Levin (Harvard University Press, 1957), the critic says: Hemingway puts his emphasis on nouns because, among other parts of speech, they come closest to things. Stringing them along by means of conjunctions, he approximates the actual flow of experience. Hemingway has often been described as a master of dialog, and most readers agree, upon being first introduced to his writing, that this is the way these characters would really talk. It is interesting to note, however, that Hemingways one attempt at playwriting was a failure. Actually, a close examination of his dialog will reveal that this is rarely the way people really speak. The effect is accomplished, rather, by the calculated emphasis and repetition which makes us remember what has been said. Since the critics cannot entirely agree on Hemingways style, perhaps the best way is to put it into the authors own words. Shortly before his tragic death, Hemingway gave to the Wisdom Foundation in California a collection of his observations on life and art, love and death. They were published in the January 1963, issue of Playboy magazine, and in them Hemingway said of his writing: I do most of my work in my head. I never begin to write until my ideas are in order. Frequently I recite passages of dialogue as it is being written; the ear is a good censor. I never set down a sentence on paper until I have it so expressed that it will be clear to anyone. Yet, I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts. I take great pains with my work, pruning and revising with a tireless hand. I have the welfare of my creations very much at heart. I cut them with infinite care, and burnish them until they become brilliants. What many another writer would be content to leave in massive proportions, I polish into a tiny gem. Hemingway goes on at some length, but the essence of what he says may be in this paragraph: A writers style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brilliant brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists. To explain Hemingways style adequately in a few paragraphs is impossible. Scores of articles, and even some books, have been written on the subject, and it is to these that the serious student should go for additional, more detailed information.

Citizen Kane :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Citizen Kane was narrated by more than one person. The story of Kane’s life unfolds in overlapping segments that add more information as each narrator adds their story. The entire story was told in flashbacks. Each narrator had different opinions of Kane, so the viewer gets to see Kane from many different perspectives. Because the narrators are telling their stories at an older age they are sometimes unreliable and often contradictory. Also, the stories are told out of sequence and sometimes overlap each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One technique used in Citizen Kane was deep focus. Deep focus is when everything is in the frame in focus at the same time, instead of having only people and things in focus. Deep focus allows the filmmaker to show overlapping actions. With deep focus there are not many close-up shots of facial expressions or other details. Another technique was the â€Å"wipe†, where one image is â€Å"wiped† off of the screen by another. Low- angled shots are also used throughout the film to show many different angles of the sets. Finally, a lighting technique that is used frequently during the movie is shadows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Citizen Kane’s main themes was the idea that childhood is lost. Throughout the entire film, Kane was seen trying to recapture his youth. It seemed as though he wanted to go back and do everything over. I think the one thing he wanted more than anything else was for someone to care about him and make him feel important. Because he was separated from his parents when he was so young he didn’t get to have the childhood experience of being loved and taken care of by his parents. When he became an adult he was very needy for attention and love. He tried to buy his affection from everyone in his life.

Brazil Employees Expectations Essay

In Brazil the maximum working hours per week are usually 40 to 44 hours, depending upon whether the employee works 5 or 6 days a week. The Brazilian Labour Law prescribes an annual vacation of 30 days which should be taken all at once or divided in two parts (one half must be of at least 20 days). Brazilian workers are eligible for full-time employment already at the age of 14 but there are certain protective regulations covering adolescents aged 14 to 18. Brazilian labour unions There are several thousand unions and umbrella organisations in Brazil which are supposed to support full-time workers. The Brazilian Trade Union Federation (Central Unica dos Trabalhadores) has made protection of employees and health policies one of its top priorities. Yet as most employees in Brazil work without an official work contract they have no access to the support of a labour union. Link: http://www.justlanded.com/english/Brazil/Brazil-Guide/Jobs/Working-in-Brazil Employment Agreements Since labor laws are statutory in nature, labor contracts must fit squarely within their narrow parameters. Employment contracts cannot deviate from the law in any way that waives, releases, or circumvents a worker’s rights. Some employers get creative and choose to frame the relationship as that of an independent contractor, rather than an employee. However, structuring the relationship in that manner has little effect if a Labor court finds that the independent contractor was in fact performing activities of an employee as legally defined. Courts will consider variables such as work hours, place of work, subjectivity to the employer’s administrative rules, reporting requirements, and compensation, among others, in determining whether the individual is indeed an independent contractor or in fact an employee. Unfortunately for companies, courts tend to favor protecting the employee and usually grant whatever statutory benefit for which the individual has petitioned. Employee Wages and Hours After your company has established the type of relationship that it will have with the individual, it must comply with strict labor requirements. In Brazil, the minimum wage (â€Å"salà ¡rio mà ­nimo†) is currently set by the federal government at R$545.00 per month, although some regions may require a minimum that exceeds this baseline. Accompanying the minimum wage is the concept of the workday, or jornada, defined as the time the employee is available to the employer, whether performing his function or not. A workday cannot exceed eight (8) hours per day and 44 hours a week. Employees whose working hours exceed the maximum hours of work prescribed by law earn overtime, one of the major sources of labor litigation. Generally, the employee will earn time and a half for overtime hours worked. However, if overtime is earned on weekends and holidays, then the employee will earn two times the regularly earned wage. Employees working on commission are treated no differently, and are entitled to either double or time and a half commissions for all overtime hours worked. The legal workday varies depending on the industry involved. For example, bank workers, telephone operators, and doctors enjoy shorter workdays. Shift workers are also subject to different standards. If an employee works any one shift (morning, afternoon, or night) on any given week, his or her shift must be limited to six (6) hours. Employee Benefits Brazilian employees enjoy many benefits. For example, Brazilian law calls for a â€Å"thirteenth salary† (â€Å"dà ©cimo terceiro†), plus 30 days of vacation time that all employees earn at the end of each year. Disbursement of at least half of the â€Å"thirteenth salary† must be made by November, or in the month when the employee takes vacation, if he or she has solicited the thirteenth salary in January. The last portion must be paid by December 20. Employers must also comply with social contributions and the FGTS (Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Servià §o, or â€Å"Guarantee Fund for Time of Service†). Both regular earnings and the thirteenth salary are subject to the FGTS, which corresponds to an eight (8) percent withholding of the monthly salary plus 0.5 percent of social contribution by the employer. This fund provides financial support in certain employment termination situations. The federal government administers the fund through mandatory deposits in accounts opened by the employer for the employee’s benefit with the Caixa Econà ´mica Federal (one of the largest government-owned banks).

Overfishing the World Big Fish Population

Over Fishing the World Big Fish Population Insert your Name Here SCI275 Axia College of University of Phoenix The overfishing of our world’s oceans is causing a depletion of some prize fish, such as tuna and swordfish, to the point that some scientists believe that 90% of these big fish populations have been fished out. Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography published a study in 2001 in which he asserts that overfishing is more destructive than toxic pollution or degrading water quality (University of Phoenix,  2007). Dr. Daniel Pauly, Professor and Director of the University of British Columbia's Fisheries Centre, describes it as follow on The Overfishing. org   (2007) website: â€Å"The big fish, the bill fish, the groupers, the big things will be gone. It is happening now. If things go unchecked, we’ll have a sea full of little horrible things that nobody wants to eat. We might end up with a marine junkyard dominated by plankton† (Fishing down the food web,  para. 1). Among the scientific community there is little argument on how to resolve this issue. Research has found that the situation is reversible if addressed now, but states that it will require a change in attitude in how we are using the oceans (University of Phoenix,  2007). To address this issue now, so that we may sustain the world’s big fish population for future generations, we must create a plan of action that includes the following steps (Young Peoples Trust for the Environment,  n.. d. ). Begin with quotas on fish. We can base this quota on scientific estimates of which fish are the most severely depleted, and adjustments can be made to the quotas according to reassessments done every few years as we monitor the repletion of the fish populations. †¢ Larger nets must also be used. As the big fish population has declined, mesh size has gotten smaller. We must increase this back to the original mesh size used perhaps 40 years ago, to allow the smaller fish to escape a nd continue to grow and breed. International agreements to protect important habitats, such as spawning and nursing grounds of these endangered big fish. †¢ Create a system that monitors the catch being brought in by fisheries, and independent fishermen, worldwide. Perhaps assessing severe fines for those caught exceeding the quotas placed on the endangered fish, or fishing in controlled waters, so that the penalty would exceed the expected gain. Educate fishermen on the fact that by following this plan, they are not losing their income but, in fact, helping to preserve their livelihood Most commercial fishermen, such as Pete DuPruis, who owns and operates his own fishing vessel on the Pacific Ocean, will see this as a challenge to their ability to earn a living. DuPruis and his fellow fishermen must be educated to realize that by following the guidelines, we will ensure their livelihood for many years, and the industry for future generations of commercial fishermen. A presentation should be made mandatory, as part of renewing the commercial fishing license, showing the declining numbers in the big fish groups, and how by following these guidelines, we can sustain their industry and the fish population both. Once made to understand that only through these efforts can the world continue to rely on the ocean’s population as a source of food, and that all fishermen worldwide will be held to the same standards, the fishermen should go along with the management plan, even if not happy about it. On the other side of the issue, environmentalists should be happy to help implement and provide data for this initiative to restock the world’s big fish population. By putting this plan into practice, we will also resolve the other problems created by over fishing, as it effects not only the depleted fish population, but also the animals for which those fish are food of choice. Whales are turning to sea otters for food, rather than the sea lions and eals on which they normally feed, as those populations also decline. Over fishing has also caused the use, as stated earlier, of smaller mesh nets, increasing the amount of by catch that is caught in the nets. By catch is the seabirds, dolphins, sea turtles, and even whales that are also caught in the net as they drag it in, and are usually dumped back into the ocean, dead or dying. A drastic reduction in the amount of by catch will subsequently occur with the reinstating of the larger mesh nets. The management plan may cause fishermen to have to look into a second source of income for the first five to ten years, as the most severe restrictions are put into place, giving the fish populations can breed and repopulate, and a reassessment to be done by the scientific community charged with monitoring the big fish groups. Governments might be forced to subsidize the industry for this initial period, to help prevent illegal poaching by some fishermen who saw poaching as their only economic alternative. Consumers would have to reduce their use of fish, and would have to pay more for the fish they did purchase at the market during this period of regeneration, but the result should be the reduction of prices after the fish populations have been restored. The encouraging news is that, by employing this simple plan for the restoration and future sustainment of our ocean’s big fish populations, we will be able to enjoy them as a food source for the foreseeable future. Referecences Overfishing. org. (2007). Overfishing – a global disaster. Retrieved November 07,2009 from http://overfishing. org/pages/why_is_overfishing_a_problem. php University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining fish stock vlr. Retrieved November 07,2009 from University of Phoenix, SCI275 – Environmental Science website at https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/axia/sci275/multimedia/video/declinining_fish_stock. htm Young Peoples Trust for the Environment. (n.. d. ). Over fishing. Retrieved November 08,2009 from http://www. ypte. org. uk/environmental/over-fishing/29

Given below are six key terms from the text follow Essays

Given below are six key terms from the text follow Essays Given below are six key terms from the text followed by six sentences, each missing a word or a phrase. Fill in the blank by dragging the key term that best completes the sentence. Victor, a manager of a team of software engineers, works out targets and the ways to achieve them for each member of the team that result in personal benefits for the team members. The given example illustrates the path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness. Albert, a senior manager, varies his management style depending on the situation in his company. Therefore, Albert is exhibiting a( n) contingency approach to leadership Keith, a team leader, examines certain factors in a situation before selecting an appropriate decision making style. The given example shows the normative decision model DuringBased on the skills and capabilities of her team, Irene decides on the amount of supervision or guidance each team member requires. The approach followed by Irene is known as Situational Leadership II (SLII) Matthew, the managing director of a food processing company, displayed tremendous courage and steered the company out of trouble when the company suffered huge losses. This is an example of crisis leadership Employee empowerment has shown positive results for Aries Inc. All team leaders and senior managers ensure that employees are given independence to take decisions. This scenario is an example of evidence-based leadership or management Which of the following is an example of contingency leadership? Wendell assigns work hours to employees who are less competent, while allowing his motivated team members to choose their own timings. Using the path-goal theory, match the most appropriate leadership styles on the left to the contingency factors provided on the right. Participative style When the morale of employees performing nonrepetitive tasks needs to be improved Achievement-oriented style When high expectations need to be set for team members performing ambiguous and nonrepetitive tasks Directive style When a task is unclear and team morale needs to be improved Supportive style When a task is dissatisfying, frustrating, or stressful According to the path-goal theory, which of the following is an example of a participative style of leadership? Dylan often consults with his subordinates for their inputs before making decisions on task allotment. Scott, an architect, has been assigned the task of redesigning the layout of a building his team is working on. Scott has recently received criticism about his work and feels disappointed. He possesses some of the skills needed to accomplish this task, but he lacks the motivation to seek help or to complete it. According to the Situational Leadership II model, Scott is most likely a( n) _____. Disillusioned learner Maxwell, a project manager, asks his team to decide which enterprise software package to purchase. He provides them with information on the requirements and the budget, but he does not influence their decision as he trusts his team to make the right choice. According to the normative decision model, the decision-making style used by Maxwell in this scenario is known as _____. Delegate Rostov, the owner of a coffee shop, reopens his store for business after a recent burglary. Many of Rostov's staff are still shaken by the burglary, but Rostov gives them a pep talk and plans to invest in a better security system for the shop. This gives Rostov's employees hope and energizes them. In this scenario, Rostov is leading during a crisis by _____. Displaying optimism Sheryl knows that showing appreciation is an effective way to boost employee morale. When a usually silent team member, Yves, comes up with great ideas at a meeting, she sends an email to Yves thanking him for his valuable inputs. Since this incident, Yves regularly offers valuable inputs and feedback to Sheryl and other team members. In this scenario, Sheryl is practicing _____ leadership. Evidence-based When Jessica appreciates Kurt's shined shoes and wrinkle-free shirt, Kurt feels like he is being treated like a child. Though Jessica was instructed by upper management to provide positive feedback and encouragement to workers, it backfired with Kurt. What supervisory style should Jessica adopt with Kurt? Check all that apply. Jessica should listen to Kurt's inputs when he provides them, but generally adopt a supervisory style that is low on

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay Example for Free

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay African (466) , White American (21) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? At first glance some people might consider this paper to be on the racial side, however it was all written by observations made. There are many differences between African Americans and Caucasians, some people don’t see the differences because of ignorance . You must read the paper with an open mind and take none of this to heart. African American and Caucasians function differently in public surroundings. When you see a young African American you usually see them in groups of four of more. However, when one of them gets into a disagreement five to ten more show up in their defense. They are a very close knit group of individuals. I have also noticed that when you see a young African American walking around they are usually singing, talking very loud or running around. Also when they are in groups they are very loud and take over the area that they occupy. On the other hand when you see Caucasians they are rarely in groups of three or more. To top it off when someone in one of their groups gets in trouble the rest of the group is nowhere to be found. Most times when you see young Caucasian people in a group they are for the most part within a normal speaking level. These two groups tend to act differently in the public due to their cultural differences. There are a number of differences between the churches of African Americans and Caucasians. At most typical African American churches there are no true sermons. The African American churches tend to do more entertaining rather than teaching. They also do a great deal of singing and dancing involved in there praising of God. They emphasize fellowship in their churches especially after church when they all gather and close the celebration with a meal together. However at a typical Caucasian church there are a few differences. To start it off when you first walk in you get a program detailing what will be happening through the service. They tend to structure the whole service around a sermon or story. The service every week is very predictable as to what will happen. The Caucasian churches are more there to teach the ways of the lord as they have interpreted it. Although not all the African American and Caucasian churches are along this line a majority of the main stream ones are. African American vs. Caucasian Americans. (2016, Dec 16).

The Structured Interview Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Structured Interview Method - Essay Example The interviewee was a Speech Pathologist at an Elementary School in Northwest suburbs of Chicago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  She indicated that she has been teaching at this school for six years and she has seven years experience as a teacher. She currently teaches 45 students of which are 30 males while 15 are females. The interviewee has also worked for a rehab company in skilled nursing facilities. In this interview, I sought to gain insight about the approach she uses when he teaches a class of learners with special needs. She indicated that parent(s), resource teacher, OT, PT, principal, nurse, school psychologist or general education teacher attend IEP meetings if applicable. The meetings usually vary from 30 minutes to 60 minutes depending on the needs of the student. The interviewee also stated that consultative minutes are completed weekly. However meetings to discuss students on the caseload or those who may need services due to concerns are held twice a month. The teacher indicated that m eetings with the teacher to discuss goals, vocabulary needing to be addressed with the speech therapy setting as well as any other concerns that the teacher may have are usually done at least once a week. The site also uses student study team meetings and it also implements RTI process. The success of this initiative is attributed to the use of cooperative/collaborative teams as well as co-teaching One great lesson I learnt from this interview is that continued teacher education is essential with regards to dealing with special needs learners. The needs of these learners constantly change depending on the environment in which they are living in hence the teachers need to improve their knowledge constantly in order to be in a position to meet the changing needs of the learners. Teachers can gain more knowledge through group discussions since these allow them to interact freely. Teamwork as well as inclusion of all teachers concerned in teaching special education classes are basic ten ets of success with regards to the achievement of the desired goals in improving the quality of education for learners with special needs. The interviewee indicated that SPED students are graded using the same method as regular education students. The goals are goals being addressed through their IEP are noted on progress updates completed at each report card. She also stated that flexible grouping and volunteer parent intervention are essential in order to establish the need of the students with special needs. The other strategy used in teaching students with special needs is to move them down to a grade lower level reading group if it is seen as appropriate to his or her level. However, the only shortcoming I have realised of all the strategies used is that they grade the students with special needs in the same way they grade general students. These two groups are quite different hence they may not use the same strategy to grade them. In conclusion, I can safely say that this inte rview achieved its objectives. As the interviewee aptly stated, there is no right way for everything. This is mainly because of the fact that we live in different areas and these are characterised by different things. For instance, the people in each area have their own way of doing things.

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminology - Essay Example However, more recent theories seek to front crime as caused by a multiplicity of causes, most of them inherent in the larger society. As per Croall (9), there is no one way of looking at crime in society that can fully explain why crime usually takes place. More so, Croall asserts that â€Å"there is no clear cut history of which have predominated in distinct periods although some have more resonance at particular historical moment† Sociological theories explain crime as caused by disconnect within society and/or lack of core tenets of moral living. The major sub-theories within sociological explanation of crime include strain theory, labeling theory, control theory, social theory, and critical theories. All these sociological theories tend to explain crime in the context of the social environment that essentially includes the family, work places, the school, and other areas of the community that people tend to live in and interact. The only way that these theories seem to dif fer is in the way they focus on different aspects of the social environment occupied. While some focus on individual differences in crime, others tend to look at crime as a larger end-product of group differences in society. They later try to look at distinction in criminal activities in distinct communities so as to explain the causes inherent in the neighborhood with a higher crime rate that are absent or minimal in the areas with lower crime rates. A new frontier in crime causation, however, seeks to combine a number of the above theories, thus creating integrated theories. According to Arrigo (17), this theory, in essence, shows a link between several of the sociological causes giving rise to crime causation. Sociological theorists, however, portray crime as result of the social environment within which individuals correlate with others. This is shown clearly in the sub-theories of sociological theory as evident below. Strain Theory Strain theory as sociological theory of crime causation explains crime as a product of the pressure imposed on individuals or groups in order to achieve certain goals. When people become upset, they might take part in criminal activities to offload their stress. In addition, they might take such step in order to try to free themselves from the strain they are going through. For instance, if other people constantly bully someone, he/she might take it off on a weaker target, or one might resort to theft to reduce financial pressures (Goode & Yehuda, 1994 p 97). An earlier proponent of the strain theory was Robert K. Merton who came up with a paradigm where crime causation is explained as occurring or taking place due to a blockade between institutional means of achieving cultural goals. Merton further elaborates the institutionalized means as education leading to a good job while the cultural goals are money, family, and a status in society. Robert K. Merton deviance typology Merton came up with the typology to show the various r elationships between institutionalized means and culturally accepted goals. The first group, according to Merton (1968), is that of those who accept both the institutionalized means and the culturally accepted goals. They are the conformists who struggle to attain the goals by following the means prescribed by society. The second group is that of the innovators.

Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Studies - Essay Example The key market players of the pharmaceutical industry are the companies originating from USA, Japan, Europe, China, and Brazil. The medicines manufactured by the leading pharmaceutical companies are prevalent across the globe. USA is regarded as the world’s largest market of pharmaceutical and is the also the world leader in the Bio pharmaceutical research. 80 Percent of the research and development in pharmaceuticals is conducted in the laboratories of USA (Select USA, 2013). However, USA is largely dependent on the import of generic drugs and 40 percent of the pharmaceutical is consumed in USA (Select USA, 2013). It is believed that the present market situation of Biologic, over the counter (OTC), and generic drugs reflect the potential of the pharmaceutical market (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). As per the reports of House of Commons, UK around 650 million prescriptions are prescribed by the general practitioners of United Kingdom (UK) itself (House of Commons, 200 5). The National Health Service which is one of the leading medical organizations of UK sells medicines worth ?7 billion every year and 80 percent of these medicines are manufactured by branded companies (House of Commons, 2005). In the UK the pharmaceuticals industry is regarded to be the most profitable sector after Finance and Tourism. Majority of the pharmaceutical company’s revenue is generated from the USA because it is the world’s largest free pricing market for pharmaceuticals. Marketing Environment Analysis The marketing environment analysis will help us in indentifying the factors that affect the company directly and indirectly. The macro environmental factors affect the activities of the company directly and the micro environmental factors affect the activities of the company indirectly. The micro environmental factors constitute of environmental factors like suppliers, distributors, competitors etc. The macro environmental factors constitute of demographic, economic, socio cultural, political, physical and legal factors. The PEST analysis will be instrumental in determining the external threats and opportunities faced by the pharmaceutical industry in the USA. Political Factors Department of Health The US department of health is a government body which regularly monitors the activities of the pharmaceutical companies. The main task of this government body is to scrutinize the license, clinical trials etc of the pharmaceutical companies. Economic The medicines manufactured and sold by the pharmaceutical companies are expensive because these companies incur huge amount of research and development costs. Post recession majority of the established pharmaceutical companies have closed down their research sites because the cost of research and development is too high and the profit earned by these companies is minuscule (The Guardian, 2013). It is observed that the most of the pharmaceutical companies are incurring losses due to the current economic slowdown (Gallagher, 2012). Socio Cultural Factors The sales of the medicines in the USA are largely influenced by the ageing population and the increasing obesity among the youth. Although, post recession the purchasing power of the common people has reduced the demand of the medicines and

Disadvantaged groups in education and emergencies

Disadvantaged groups in education and emergencies This chapter first identifies groups or clusters who would be particularly vulnerable educationally in an emergency. This does not catalogue all vulnerabilities in these groups, but tries to restrict it to existing disadvantage which may be exacerbated by emergency or new vulnerabilities created by disaster. It then looks at ‘educational sites’ which are also vulnerable in themselves, or which might contribute to vulnerability. It draws attention to the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities, but also signals the notion of emergency as an opportunity. The chapter also draws attention to hidden or forgotten emergencies. 3.1.1 Gender-related disadvantage It would be commonly agreed that girls as a broad category are at greater risk during an emergency, because of traditional gender disadvantage. ‘Normal’ patriarchal cultures are strengthened during emergencies, as people seek comfort in routine relations, roles and hierarchies. If girls are routinely left without access to education, this is unlikely to change. Afghanistan, for example, is traditionally seen as a site of educational difficulties for girls (although in Kabul they currently attend schools and projects freely). The links of gender disadvantage with poverty and economic vulnerability are well documented (Mujahid-Mukhtar, 2008). Cultural barriers often cited are limited roles for girls and women, differential treatment of girls in nutrition and health, men viewed as breadwinners, a male dominated education system, gender-differentiated child-rearing practices, low status of women, lack of knowledge of the social and personal benefits of education, gender ster eotyping and threat of sexual violence (UNICEF, 2007). Specific areas related to emergency in many or all countries which have been highlighted in this study would be: Early marriage (girls are pushed into marriage because of fragile and insecure situations, increased poverty, death of bread-winning relatives, and therefore they leave school). After war, there are fewer men, so girls are pushed into polygamous marriages (as in Afghanistan), but conversely, therefore, men are forced to accept more than one wife. Older people have not adapted their norms to accept single unattached women, as in other post-conflict locations Child labour (sons recruited in conflict, the need to work, displacement causing vulnerability to be incorporated into trafficking and sex trade). Domestic labour, normally girls, is often not viewed as ‘child labour’ although this can prevent school attendance. Boys are more likely to receive kits and educational materials because of ‘normal’ male preference in and out of schools (interview data, Nepal). Protectionism/lack of independence. In the context of the tsunami, in the Maldives secondary schools do not exist on every island, and parents may be reluctant to send their daughters to neighboring islands for fear of pregnancy and also fear of sexual abuse Abuse. Sexual abuse, rape, gang rape and physical abuse all get worse in the camps and in situations of emergency with the breakdown of law and order and lack of supervision. Men experiencing loss of status are more likely to engage in domestic violence. Trafficking for prostitution increases, particularly post-emergency when police or security force protection is withdrawn (interview data, Nepal). During conflict, boys may be recruited or taken for enforced labour. Kidnapping and abduction are a threat as well as trafficking. Religious taboos and misinformation. Oxfam reported that in some cases in the tsunami the heavy and voluminous clothing worn by Muslim women and the cultural barriers that prevent girls from learning to swim contributed to the death by drowning of many women and girls. The same clothing also restricted some women from running to high places or from climbing trees. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many men survived by doing just this. There are reports from many of the tsunami-affected countries of Muslim women who perished because they were too afraid to leave their home with their head uncovered. Conversely, in some cases the waves were so strong that women were stripped of their clothing and there are reports of naked women refusing to climb into rescue boats manned by males from their villages (Pittaway et al., 2007). Marginalization of females during humanitarian and reconstruction efforts after the tsunami, with lack of consultation about needs and with response efforts almost exclusively headed by male staff. Refuges and camps often showed little regard for women’s health, safety and privacy. However, gender-related disadvantage does not always mean girls come off worst: in conflict, boys may be more likely to be recruited as child soldiers, and hence lose schooling; in economic difficulties caused by disaster, they may be taken out of school because they have greater earning power. Conversely, there is evidence from Nepal that females joining insurgent groups (e.g. Maoists) may experience higher status there and participation in decision making, and that in this sense, conflict has increased rather than decreased female status. Much depends on their role, whether combatants, supporters or dependents (Plan, 2008a). While an ex-combatant woman may enjoy a more equal status within a relationship or marriage with another ex-combatant, when an unmarried woman otherwise wants to return to her family or community she is a seen as ‘spoiled’, as she would not have been protected in the same way as non-combatants growing up in traditional or conservative cultures. 3.1.2 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and refugees While these groups which can be caused by an emergency are clearly vulnerable generally, there is sometimes a difference relative to other groupings in that they are identifiable, and that they receive help. In some countries, those formally identified as IDPs may be the more fortunate ones, as they can claim assistance, including educational support. They are visible in the camps, whereas the ‘lone IDPs’ who are fleeing a personal emergency, or who do not have the political knowledge to claim official IDP status, can suffer problems of discrimination or exclusion in a new community. IDPs may not want to, or be unable to, return to their own communities, and have resettled: at what point do they cease to be IDPs, especially in normally nomadic societies where there is much seasonal migration for work? Specific issues relating to education and emergency are: Internal displacement exposes children to forced military recruitment; they may become direct targets in the conflict or be subject to unequal or biased educational service provision (Sri Lanka). Refugees suddenly become a minority, with loss of status and position; there is lack of choice, including educational choice. Afghan refugees in Pakistan complain that they are given very little choice about where to live – the camps nearer Afghanistan cannot guarantee security, and food or shelter cannot be guaranteed in Peshawar. There are the well-documented issues of language and curriculum of their new schools, as well as problems of ‘return’. Afghan refugees in Pakistan for example are now being sent back, causing a highly uncertain situation for them with all this movement. There is pressure on remaining schools after an emergency to accept more children, which means larger classes, therefore a decrease in quality and in drop-out for all children. ‘Hosting’ refugees amounts to an education emergency in affected communities, with jealousies and feelings that incomers drain resources or hold ‘our’ children back. Refugees may have services that the surrounding communities lack. Children and families may move several times before settling in one place where they could stay more than six months. If they go to school, children drop out continuously when they cannot keep up or catch up. Older children may be forced to learn with younger children, to match their perceived learning levels, which cause distress and a lack of self-esteem. Security in the camps is a problem (see above), as is health, for example with cholera in Pakistan. Relocated communities in the tsunami can suffer: in Sri Lanka, various buffer zones in the coastal areas were established to impose limits on where people could live after the tsunami, but some were far from the sea, and parents tend not to send children to school in these circumstances, as this could show acceptance of the unsatisfactory situation. Refugee and IDP children may be more subject to abuse and trafficking; children living with ‘host’ families are more likely to be abused. There can be drug and alcohol problems of parents (and children) in IDP camps. 3.1.3 Minority groups/caste/ethnicity In all countries there are pre-existing patterns of social stratification based on ethnicity, caste, tribe or clan. These are highly linked to social class and socio-economic status. Emergencies will tend to mean that low status groups are further disadvantaged or discriminated against, as power to attract resources is not evenly distributed. Conflict may be between different ethnic groups, or with a majority group and there is rarely a win–win resolution of the conflict; even if the conflict is not directly related to ethnic or other status, as in natural disasters, the lack of capacity to claim rights and resources post-conflict means more polarization. Areas under conflict may find it more difficult to respond to natural disasters, as has been reported for reconstruction after the tsunami in LTTE-controlled areas of Sri Lanka. Recommendations for action suggest projects focusing on a specific group, e.g. safe play areas for children from a specific ethnic group, or educatio n facilities for a specific religious group (Save the Children, 2008a), although there is a danger of focusing, say, on one caste which may cause attitudes to that group to harden. 3.1.4 Economically disadvantaged Poverty on its own is not always a predictor of vulnerability, and clearly combines with other axes of disadvantage. Emergencies will highlight these. While homelessness in disasters can affect families in every economic stratum, their social capital becomes crucial, as does the network of relatives and friends who can provide support. The poor are likely to have poorer quality housing, in poorer or lower lying land (or conversely in steep hills) which does not withstand floods, cyclones or earthquake; therefore they can be displaced or live in the open not near to a school. Animals too are not protected, and subject to loss. Food shortages are made worse by emergency, and may mean migration to urban areas to find work. Rural children are more likely to be out of school, particularly when poor; natural disasters may mean that distances to the nearest school become even greater. The rapid recent increase in food prices in Bangladesh and elsewhere has had an impact on school attendance, both because children have become hungry and less attentive and because parents have been less able to meet educational expenses. Parents have also been forced to cut back on the use of kerosene for night lighting thereby reducing the evening study period for students (Raihan, 2008). 3.1.5 The invisible Children without a formal identity (estimated to be 50 million globally) are never registered and there-fore deprived of access to education. In emergencies, they have no claim to resources or proof of age when relocating. It is more difficult to resist recruitment into insurgent or security forces. Children of different ethnic groups may be deprived of nationality and identity. Street children may come under the category of invisible, as they are harder to track and monitor, and also may not be in formal school. However, there is a debate as to whether they are particularly vulnerable during emergencies, as they are used to surviving, and have personal and social resources which the newly homeless do not have. The out-of-school by definition tends to be more invisible. They are more vulnerable during emergencies, since, as in Sri Lanka, most of the educational and emergency provisions utilize schools, and the out-of-school tends to be invisible among service providers. The turning away of children in Afghanistan from orphanages, schools or projects can precipitate them being involved in the sex trade, as dancers or working with truck drivers. 3.1.6 Differently affected This is a broad category of children who are differentially affected by emergency, or who have pre-existing conditions which may be exacerbated by emergency: Those with disabilities. Those with physical and mental disabilities are less likely to survive a disaster. Special facilities or education are not always prioritized during emergencies. Schools that refuse to take children with disabilities in ‘normal’ times are even less likely to accept them after an emergency. Children may have been injured by landmines, and all need landmine education. Traumatized children. Children experiencing conflict and witnessing the violent death of relatives and friends suffer a range of traumatic conditions. Children were scared of going back to schools after the tsunami, and even after four years were reported to be ‘very jumpy’ and emotionally unstable at school. Orphans, especially where there is lack of social welfare support. Absence of orphanages may be a problem, or conversely orphanages may be a site for abuse or trafficking of children. Agencies such as UNICEF and World Education may be against the institutionalization of children, including orphans, and there can be lack of integration mechanisms and support. Child-headed households. The child can be of either sex, but additional responsibilities (economic and caring) mean such children are unlikely to go to school. Child soldiers and ex-combatants. Such children have not just lost schooling, but may be traumatized as well as stigmatized on their return. They may be placed in classes inappropriate to their age. Drug users (living in badly bombed buildings in Kabul, for example). In the Maldives, there is strong social stigma against drugs and children will be expelled from school if caught with them. There are few rehabilitation centers or organizations to help them. School failures. Those who were failures before an emergency often use the crisis as an excuse to drop out of school. War children or ‘lost generation’ need to ‘catch up’ within rigid school systems which make this impossible. They may be jealous of the younger generation whose education was not disrupted, and fear the future. Children in conflict zones. There may be security checkpoints preventing access to school (also for their teachers) and/or danger of mines. Children of prisoners (criminal or political). These may suffer low esteem as well as economic hardship. Children in detention centers and prisons themselves. UNESCO runs a de-institutionalization project in Afghanistan, which also includes children in and from orphanages. Children of sex workers. Children of the HIV affected and from homes where there are diseases such as leprosy. 3.2 Educational sites and personnel Schools were destroyed. Schools (and colleges) can collapse in an earthquake and a hurricane in the worst case with students and teachers are still in them. In most of Nepal, a non- architectural and designing phase the presented seismic safety measures. National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) with a modification or restructuring of the school program, but can reach only a few. But in the actual school vulnerability of particular importance is the contract and the corruption of the materials used to make it easier to make the collapse of natural disasters to the schools. Do not let this corruption in Pakistan and China, is going on the list, and this sustained after a disaster or even. In Bangladesh, which has been identified (interview), build back on the poor instead of build back better. In China, the authorities have also asked the parents did not cause to complain about the building to ensure the death or injury of their children and financial incentives for them. Poor building standards of experience, but also on their return folded the school itself forms to create an emergency (Harber 2005) anxiety in the child and parents. Schools as a refuge or a takeover of the internally displaced, disrupting education. Built schools or on the ground that the social distance is an issue, renovated. If the site is in this sense are people died as a cemetery, still popular. As one respondent said: The school is a graveyard it. Children do not go to school for fear of appearing recruited into armed groups, or to go on the road. In the Maldives, an island, when the school was destroyed, and it was reported that sometimes reluctant to take on children in other islands of the school, while others welcome. Child labor and domestic workers in their own home or in someones home is difficult to adapt to the standard items or in school. Older children can be destructive, is considered cute employees. Temporary schools (even permanent) can move the missing girls and teachers sanitation special. To form an important topic in the vulnerability of certain groups, the maintenance management systems and school officials. These are usually male-dominated groups, at least moderately high caste and socio economic status. You are likely to be, during and after CIES EMERGEN the same group, it may be necessary to change the mindset so that they meet for the child or to seek an appropriate school concept. Now the question is, what incentives could make them to change this mindset. How can teacher’s high caste be persuaded to teach low caste children and interact? How can the person who convinced for the school management committee has been grant equitable distribution? One study examined community-based education system in Nepal, that the use of community based school improvement plan to bring elite processes, the process of creating incentives and equity. Strategy of education untouchables girls the opportunity to the majority of the population are less willing to tolerate a d irect attack, but would under the heading (Gardner and Subrahmanian, 2005) to agree. 3.3 Multiple vulnerabilities Although it is possible to a certain group or website, as can be seen above, two important questions are immediately clear: First, within and between the clusters they intersect in various ways, secondly , therefore it is difficult to around the disadvantaged or even draw the most vulnerable limit. It is commented on how to report in India, even if it is taken out of the equation of sex , the majority of the population is at risk. Caste is said to individual well over 50 % of the population affected , although there are exceptions, generally poor Dalits , disenfranchised , less educated , more abused . The vast majority of the population to be at risk if they are fragile along a parameter, they are more likely to have multiple vulnerabilities . Everyone has a different vulnerability so-called beam (Fluke, 2007), from a political, economic, social and ideological complex interactions. Practice of: The third complex is the time when they begin and end with emergencies (if they do), for those in danger? Vulnerable orphans temporarily take care of a family, but later at a loss and abandonment and exploitation of resources. Vulnerability often associated with children (Zelizer, 1994), perceived social value to work in practice or emergency emotionally as the context victim. This can dramatically change the changing social and economic priorities. Schools can a neutral body to maintain and improve the childs value when their environment is sensitive.

United States Agency for International Development Essay -- AIDS HIV F

United States Agency for International Development When the Department of Defense awarded Halliburton subsidiaries billions of dollars to rebuild Iraq in an uncompetitive bidding process, taxpayers and members of Congress alike cried foul. Liberals at Swarthmore College bemoaned the mixture of domestic business interests with foreign policy and reconstruction efforts. Initially, foreign companies were formally barred from the lucrative reconstruction projects. This spring, Halliburton delayed billing the DOD over $140 million under allegations of overcharging for military meals and energy supplies. Where the DOD controls reconstruction in Iraq, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) controls foreign development aid. While the bloated and uncompetitive contracts to Halliburton attracted a hail of criticism, USAID emerges largely unscathed from criticism despite a legacy of brazenly self-interested and inefficient foreign aid policy. USAID balances two mandates: protecting American interests and promoting inter national development. Tied aid-- grants or loans which require consumption of the donor country’s goods and services-- is an obvious and insidious manifestation of this dual mandate. An examination of American aid policy, a colonial precedent to tied aid, and the experience of Egypt from 1974-1989 reveals how tied aid poisons and adulterates the practice of development. Tied aid: â€Å"Seductive† but â€Å"seriously wrong† (Hancock 61) Tied aid is not a win-win situation. A balance between domestic interests and foreign development restricts the full potential of foreign aid. Michael Maren’s The Road to Hell offers a scathing indictment of foreign aid infused with self-interest and laments how â€Å"the hum... ... Philip Publishers Ltd: United States, 2002. Campbell, Catherine. ‘Letting Them Die’: Why HIV/AIDS Intervention Programmes Fail. Indiana University Press: United States, 2000. Hancock, Graham. Lords of Poverty. First Atlantic Monthly Press: Great Britain, 1989. Maren, Michael. The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity. The Free Press: New York, NY, 1997. Mitchell, Timothy. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 2002. Radelet, Steven. Challenging Foreign Aid: A Policymarker’s Guide to the Millennium Challenge Account. Kirby Lithographing Company: United States, 2003. Student Global AIDS Campaign (SGAC) website. http://www.fightglobalaids.org/files/phatfile/appropriationskit.doc USAID website. http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid.

Compare and Contrast on High School and College Essay

The transition from high school to college is an arduous one. Students have to get used to being on their own and have more responsibilities than ever before. The workload is only the first of many differences between being a senior in high school and a freshman in college. Along with an increase in workload, students are also forced to learn proper time management skills such as how to juggle a job, school, all while maintaining a social life. The transition from a high school student to a college student begins the second they open the door into what looks like another world. There is no aspect of familiarity, no point of reference for students. There are no individual desks or familiar faces to give them the feeling of security that one feels going back to high school each year. The first day of high school always included some kind of icebreaker where students were forced to state their name and an â€Å"interesting fact† about themselves in hopes of helping other students to remember their name. In college, no one cares what one’s name is or that they have 3 hamsters at home. Professors are more concerned with getting down to business and teaching the scheduled material on the very first day of class. Students are forced into a whirlwind of unfamiliarity and they either sink or swim. The decision is theirs. Generally speaking, a high school student can expect to be free of homework for the first two weeks of high school. However, students do not get so lucky in college. One can expect a paper and group project, as well as a syllabus quiz to be given within the first class period. In addition to assigned papers and syllabus quizzes, it is up to students to complete textbook readings, of 20+ pages before coming to class and to be prepared to be given a pop quiz if necessary. It is common for first year college students to feel lost and overwhelmed, inundated in papers and assignments, often questioning how they will make it through the semester. Above all, students are forced to learn how to better manage their time. There is no more daydreaming or dependin g on classmates to help with in-class and take-home assignments. What used to be so easy in high school is not so easy in college. There are no more seven-hour school days planned out by guidance counselors with help from a computer program. Schedules are no longer handed out in homeroom on the first day of classes, instead it is the student’s job to pick the classes they want to take and come up with a perfectly crafted schedule that fits into their already busy schedule. It’s up to the scholar  to decide when to eat lunch, when to study, and when they can fit a job into their schedule. In college, students are given more freedom when it comes to their schedule, but it is easy to find comfort in that cookie cutter schedule that is given in high school. The real world can be a scary place for a first year college student. In sum, the transition from high school to college is a challenging one. It is not easy to be pushed out into the real world, completely submersed in _____. Although it may be tough at times, this transition is a crucial one in the process of growing up. The lessons learned within the first year of college are ones that can be taken and applied later on in life.